重点语法：定语从句知识点总结
一、概念： 修饰某一名词或者代词的从句叫定语从句(Attributive Clause）
The man （who lives next to us ）sells vegetable.
You must do everything （that I can do）.
二、要点 ：跟定语从句相关的最关键的最两个词：
① 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
② 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词的分类:
关系副词：when （指代时间），where (指代地点)，why (指代原因)
1. 引导定语从句
关系词的功能: 2. 代替先行词
3. 在定语从句中担当一个句法成分
三、基础知识学习：
I. 关系代词that, which, who(whom)引导的定语从句
1.指人的关系代词: who / whom / that
先行词在从句中作主语 ：A doctor is a person who / that looks after people’s health.
先行词在从句中作宾语 ：Mr White invited many friends to his party (who / whom / that) he respected much.
关系代词前有介词：Nancy is the right person onwhom you can depend.
2.指物的关系代词: which / that
先行词在从句中作主语：The river which / that runs through the city brings us lots of pleasure.
先行词在从句中作宾语：The book (which / that) you just laid on the shelf is mine.
关系代词前有介词： Here is the money with which I will buy a piano.
总结：⑴关系代词中在从句中充当主语的是which、that、who且在句中不可以省略。
⑵关系代词中在从句中充当宾语的是which、that、who、whom且可以省略。
⑶当关系代词前有介词时，指人只能用 whom， 指物只能用which。
⑷which 只能指物，whowhom 只能指人，that既可指人又可指物。
3.表示所有格：whose(既表示人的所有也表示物的所有)
表示人的所有： The girl whose father is a model worker is our monitor.
表示物的所有： I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
4.as作关系代词的用法
as引导的定语从句常出现于the same…as…,such…as…,as…as…和so…as…结构中。
当定语从句的先行词被the same，such，as 或so修饰时，关系代词可选as，且不能省略。
Let’s meet at the same place as we did yesterday.
注意：★ the same…as… vs the same…that…
指代相似的人或物 指同一人或物
This is the same watch as I lost. Where did you buy it?
This is the same watch that I lost. Please return it to me.
★such…as… vs such…that…
It is such a difficult problem as no one can work out.
It is such a difficult problem that no one can work it out.
区别: as引导定语从句，指代的先行词在从句中充当成分，翻译成“像…那样”.
that引导状语从句，只起连接作用，翻译成“如此…以至于…”.
★as 和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句整句话的内容，
区别： which 不能置于句首，翻译成“这，这件事”
as 可以放在句首，句中，句末，翻译成“正如…” 谓语动词经常为know, see, suggest, turn out
As is known to all, the earth goes around the sun.
As was expected beforehand, the concert was very successful.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very high.
记住下列表格
关系代词 | 指人 | 指物 |
主格 | who、that、 | that、which、 |
宾格 | whom 、who、that、 | that、which、 |
所有格 | of whom 、whose | of which、whose、 |
II. 关系副词where when why引导的定语从句
Do you remember the teahouse where we used to play chess? (where=at which)
There was a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema. (when=during which)
The days are gone when he was an ignorant boy. (when=in which)
They didn’t explain the reason why they had canceled the rehearsal. (why=for which)
（定语从句中关系副词可以换成介词 + 关系代词）
注意：有些先行词后面既可以用关系代词，也可以用关系副词。判断的重点在于分析先行词在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。以the city 为例
(1) This is the city that/which I visited last year.
分析：主句：This is the city. 从句：I visited the city last year. visit：vt.，the city充当的成分：宾语
(2) This is the city where I lived last year.
分析：主句：This is the city. 从句：I lived in the city last year. live：vi.，the city 充当的成分：状语，表地点。
四、考点梳理
I. 关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的情况：
1) 当先行词被为不定代词。如：
There is nothing (that) I can say about it.
2）先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the best basketball match that I have ever seen.
3）先行词被the only 或the very修饰时。如：
The only thing that we can do is to ask our teachers’ help.
Is this the very museum that you visited the other day?
4) 先行词为序数词
或被序数词修饰时。如：
The first English film that I saw was “Oliver Twist”.
When foreigners talk about China, the first that comes to mind is the Great Wall.
5）被修饰的先行词被any, all, much, no, little, few等修饰时。如：
I am interested in all that you have told me.
There isn’t much that I can do.
He is one of the few that can work it out in five minutes.
6）先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如：
They talked about the factories and workers that they had visited.
7）先行词是疑问代词时。如：
Which is the book that he bought yesterday?
Who that you have ever seen can beat him in the game?
8）先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如：
This is no longer the place that it used to be.
He is not the man that he was.
II. 关系代词只能用which不用that 的情况
1. 引导非限制性定语从句时,
2. 当关系代词做介词宾语时,
He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.
在上一例句中,引导词 “which”作了介词 “in”的宾语,所以不可以用 “that”代替.
练习： 1) There are many teachers in that school ___ I want to visit. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which 2) This factory will not take anyone____ eyesight is weak. A. of whom B. whom C. of that D. whose 3) This is the last time___ I’ll give you a piece of advice. A. when B. that C. which D. as 4) The doctor _________ is going to Europe next year. A. which the manager is talking to B. who the manager is talking C. the manager is talking to him D. the manager is talking to 5) We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that |
三、介词+关系代词
1. 在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：
1) 介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。
如：I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to school.
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.
This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.
2) 介词+which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。
如：They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
3) 介词+ which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。
如：Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.
4) 介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。
如：The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.
5) 不定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。
如：There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.
6) 数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。
如：In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.
Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.
7) 名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。
如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.
I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.
8) 形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。
如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
练习： 1) I saw a man, on the head _____ stood a bird. A. that B. which C. of whom D. of that 2) The man _____ the wolf was shot was a good hunter. A. by whom B. of whom C. by that D. by whom 3) Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all _____ were expensive. A. that B. of which C. in which D. by which 4) The teacher _______ I learned most was Mrs. Clark. A. who B. whom C. from whom D. from who 5) In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest _______ is Li Hua. A. from who B. of which C. of whom D. from whom 6) The driver was the man _____ room she had stolen the maps. A. from that B. of which C. from which D. from whose |
★以下是本单元重点语法：
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.（which指代前面整个句子）
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing, which has been China's capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）
练习： 1) We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 2) I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 3) He has two sons, __________ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. neither of whom D. one of whom 4) He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. which C. who D. what 5) The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space. A. which we think it is B. which we think are of C. of which we think is D. I think which is of |
Step 6、解题步骤总结：
1、找出先行词，划出定语从句
2、判断选择关系代词还是关系副词
3、根据语境选择合适的关系词
（让学生根据上述的方法对诊断性练习中的题目进行总结归类，巩固解题思路）
练习：
第一部分：基础题
1. This museum is ______ you visited the other day.
A. that B. which C. where D. the one
2. This is the museum ______ you saw the other day.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
3. It is the third time ______ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D. when you’ve arrived
4. We often think of the days ______ we spent together on the island.
A. when B. which C. in which D. during which
5. Have you ever been to Shanghai, ______ I left ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. that D. when
6. He has left Beijing, ______ a meeting is to be held.
A. when B. where C. as D. which
7. This is the very place ______ I’m wishing to live in.
A. where B. which C. that D. in which
8. I have bought the same dress ______ she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. than
9. The reason ______ he didn’t come was ______ he was injured.
A. that, because B. why, that C. why, because D. that, that
10. He must be from Africa, ______ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. it D. what
11. What surprised me was not what he said but________ he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. There was ________ time ________ I hated to go to school.
A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the; when
13. ________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
14. ________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
15. The English play ________ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
16. There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the large B. the large of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
17. Anyway, that evening, ________ I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
18. Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ______ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
19 . Tom is the only one of the students who ______ to Shanghai.
A. have gone B. have been C. has been D. had gone
20. I, ______ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. which am
第二部分：强化题
1.All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _______ in the forest.
A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew
2. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm, _____ many people have gone home.
A. that B. whichC. whose time D. by which time
3. Is this the reason _______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
4. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way.
A. it B. thatC. this D. which
5. When he was working there he caught a serious illness from _____ efforts he still suffers.
A. which B. that C. whose D. what
6. It’s said that he’s looking for a new job, one ______ he can get more money to support his family.
A. when B. whereC. that D. which
7. We are living in an age ______ many things are done on computer.
A. which B. thatC. whose D. when
8. Their problem today is somewhat similar to _____ they faced many years ago.
A. that B. which C. that which D. it
9. The old building, behind _______ was a famous church, was _______ we used to work.
A. that, the place B. it, the place
C. which, where D. what, where
10. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _______ other visitors seldom go.
A. what B. which C. where D. when
11. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, ______ the country became united.
A. when B. ifC. since D. until
12 When they went into the shop and asked to look at the engagement rings, the girl brought out a cheaper one, _______ she had arranged with James.
A. the which was what B. what was thatC. which was what D. that was that
13. You could see the runners very well from ______ we stood.
A. which B. whereC. that D. when
14. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of whichC. its price D. the price of whose
15. What have you got _____ will help a cold?
A. what B. thatC. it D. who
16. He was very angry and I can still remember the way _____ he spoke to me.
A. how B. thatC. what D. which
17. Do you know the man from ________ house the pictures were stolen?
A. which B. thatC. what D. whose
18. I can think of many cases _______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. whichC. as D. where
19. Is this all that you need? If you married me, I’d give you everything you _____.
A. want B. wantedC. had wanted D. are wanting
20. I met the teacher in the street yesterday ________ taught me English three years ago.
A. which B. whenC. where D. who
